Ring Modulator - Construction and Working (Generation of DSB SC using Ring Modulator) - AM Generation

Here we will understand what is a Ring Modulator along with Where and Why the Ring Modulator is used? The structure and working of the ring modulator has been explained here with the help of beautiful circuit simulation software (Falstad Circuit Simulator). 

What is Ring Modulator (Ring Modulation)

A Ring modulator is an electronic device that is used for ring modulation.

Ring modulation is the implementation of frequency mixing. It is performed by multiplying two signals. One signal is a simple waveform (typically a sine wave) and another signal is the signal that we want to modulate.

Where and Why Ring Modulator is used

Ring modulator can be used to generate double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB SC) wave. DSB SC is a type of amplitude modulation where in the modulated wave contains only two side bands and the carrier wave is suppressed.

Why it is called Ring Modulator

The ring modulator circuit  implements diodes in clockwise or anticlockwise arrangement. Hence it takes the shape of a ring. That's why it is called as the ring modulator.

Ring Modulator Applications

A ring modulator finds applications in music synthesizer or as an effects unit.
The ring modulator heterodynes (frequency mix) two waveforms. The output is the sum and difference of the frequencies that are present in each waveform.

Ring Modulator | Construction and Working (Generation of DSB SC using Ring Modulator) | AM Generation Simulation 

Attributes: https://www.falstad.com/circuit/

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Generation of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK Generation) - Block Diagram of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

Here we will understand the generation of BPSK signal. BPSK stands for Binary Phase Shift Keying. With the help of block diagram we will discuss the concept of Binary Phase Shift Keying generation.
But before discussing the generation of Binary Phase Shift Keying, we will first understand what is Phase Shift Keying (PSK).

Watch the Complete Video Here-

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Introduction

In Phase Shift Keying, the phase of the carrier wave (analog) is switched as per the input digital signal. This is analogous to Phase Modulation (PM).
As we know, in case of phase modulation, phase of the carrier wave is changed according to the instantaneous value of the modulating signal. In the same way, in phase shift keying also, the phase of the sinusoidal carrier wave is changed according to the digital input signal. So the basic difference between analogue modulation and digital modulation is based on the nature of the modulating signal (message signal).

Amplitude Modulation Vs Frequency Modulation | AM Vs FM | Advantages and Disadvantages of AM and FM

What is Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Definition:-

Amplitude Modulation, is a system, where the maximum amplitude of the carrier wave varies, according to the instantaneous value (amplitude) of the modulating (message or baseband) signal.

What is Frequency Modulation (FM) 

In case of Frequency Modulation (FM) the frequency of the carrier wave varies according to the instantaneous value of the modulating (message) signal.

Comparison of AM and FM (AM vs FM)

Why FM is better than AM

Following reasons make the Frequency Modulation (FM) better than Amplitude Modulation (AM)

1.FM broadcasts operate in upper VHF (Very High Frequency) and UHF (Ultra High Frequency) ranges, while MF (Medium Frequency) and HF (High Frequency) ranges are used by AM broadcasts. This is a big advantage for FM, since in VHF and UHF frequency ranges there is less noise interference.

AM vs FM Video (Comparison of AM and FM) Video

 

2.FM receivers are more immune to noise in comparison to AM receivers. since FM receivers may be fitted with amplitude limiters. These amplitude limiters can remove the amplitude variations caused by the noise.

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#AMPLITUDE MODULATION (TIME DOMAIN EQUATIONS AND WAVEFORMS)

3.In FM, it is possible to further reduce noise by increasing frequency deviation. This is not possible in case of AM, since in AM, we can not exceed 100℅ modulation without Severe distortions.

4.Standard Frequency allocations provide a guard band between commercial FM stations. This leads to less interference between adjacent channels in FM in comparison to AM.

5.In case of FM, all the transmitted power is useful but in AM, most of the power is present in carrier, that does not contain any information.

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) | Advantages and Disadvantages of PCM | (Includes Video)

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

Here before discussing advantages and disadvantages of PCM, it's necessary to understand, what is Pulse Code Modulation (PCM). 

What is Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is the digital form of pulse modulation technique. This form of pulse modulation technique is known as Pulse Code Modulation (PCM). Pulse code modulation is a technique to convert analog signals into digital signals.

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Video

 

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#NEED AND BENEFITS OF MODULATION

#SAMPLING THEOREM AND RECONSTRUCTION (SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION)

After converting the signal into digital form, it becomes possible to transmit the digital signal through digital communication network and at the receiving end, it is converted back into it's original analog form.

Pulse code modulation process involves the following three stages -

1.Sampling of the signal

2.Quantization and

3.Coding

Following are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

Advantages of Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

1.Very high noise immunity

2.In pulse code modulation repeaters are used between the transmitter and receiver. Repeaters are used to regenerate the received PCM signal. Use of repeaters is possible due to digital nature of the signal.

3.Effect of noise is further reduced due to the use of repeaters.

What is Modulation and why Modulation is Required | Need and Benefits of Modulation

Before understanding the need and benefits of modulation, it is important to know, what is modulation?

What is Modulation

Modulation is a process by which some characteristic (amplitude/frequency/phase) of a high frequency carrier wave is varied, in accordance with the instantaneous value of the message signal (modulating signal/ baseband signal).

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COMPARISON OF PAM, PWM, PPM MODULATION TECHNIQUES

Now let's write down the benefits of modulation. We will discuss each point in detail one by one-

What is Modulation and Why Modulation is Required Video [HD]

 

Need and Benefits of Modulation

1.To remove interference problem
2.Practical height of the antenna
3.Possibility of multiplexing
4.Long distance communication
5.Improved signal quality at the receiver

1.To Remove Interference Problem

Modulation helps in removing the interference problem by allocating a separate frequency band to different signal transmissions.

Because of this it becomes possible for many stations to transmit their message signals simultaneously without any interference.

Ex. The transmission range for audio signals is 20Hz-20kHz.

2.Practical Height of the Antenna

The height of antenna used for transmission and reception of the signal also depends on the process of modulation. The transmitting and receiving Antennas must have lengths, comparable to a quarter wavelength (λ/4) of the frequency used for transmission.

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#Digital Modulation Techniques (ASK, FSK, PSK, BPSK)/ Amplitude, Frequency and Phase Shift Keying

To understand how the frequency used for transmission of the signal affects the height of the antenna. 
As mentioned earlier, height of the antenna should be comparable to λ/4 of the frequency used for transmission.
height of the antenna= λ/4
Since we know that-
c=λ.f
here c is speed of light in vacuum= 3×10^8 m/s
f is frequency
Therefore λ= c/f
So height of the antenna would be-
(c/f).(1/4) 
here c and 1/4 are constants
Therefore antenna height is inversely proportional to frequency used for transmission.
It means as the frequency of modulation increases, height of the antenna used for transmission decreases.
We Will understand it will the help of an example-
Here we will see, how the height of the antenna reduced when we increased the frequency used for transmission from 4kHz to 5MHz after modulation. 
Height= λ/4
             =(c/f).(1/4)
             = (3×10^8 m/s)/(4×10^3Hz)× (1/4)
=0.187×10^5 meters
= 18.7 kilometers !!!
This height of antenna is not practical.
After modulation-
Frequency used is 5MHz
H=(c/f).(1/4)
   =(3×10^8 m/s)/(5×10^6Hz)× (1/4)
=0.15×10^2 meters
15meters
It is practical height of the antenna.

3.Possibility of Multiplexing

Multiplexing can be Defined as a process by which two or more signals can be transmitted simultaneously over the same channel for communication.
Modulation can be used to allocate separate frequency bands by using career waves of different frequencies. This type of multiplexing is known as Frequency division multiplexing (FDM).

4.Long Distance Communication

Modulation is used for long distance communication. In modulation we use high frequency carrier wave for transmission of the message signal. 

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#ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

High frequency signals attenuate less as compared to low frequency signals. Therefore moderation is beneficial for long distance communication.

5.Improved Signal Quality At The Receiver

Some techniques of modulation like Frequency Modulation (FM), Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) have the capability to improve quality of the signal received at the receiving end. So it helps in reducing the noise level in the signal, which is a big advantage of modulation.

Read More-

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FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION (WAVEFORMS AND EQUATIONS DERIVATION)

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PULSE POSITION MODULATION (PPM) - Basics, Definition and Waveform of PPM

Pulse modulation can be categorized broadly into two types-
#Analog modulation and
#Digital modulation
The analog pulse modulation can again be of two types-

Pulse Position Modulation Video [HD]

 

#Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
#Pulse Time Modulation (PTM)
The Pulse Time Modulation (PTM) can further be classified into two types of modulation-
#Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)/Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM)
#Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is a digital pulse modulation technique.

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) - Basic Concepts, Waveform and Definition of PWM Explained

What is Pulse Modulation

Pulse modulation is a type of modulation where some parameter of the pulsed carrier wave is varied as per the instantaneous value of the modulating signal (message signal).

Types of Pulse Modulation Techniques

Pulse modulation can be categorized into 3 types-
1.Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
2.Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
3.Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)

Out of these three types of pulse modulation techniques, PWM and PPM come under Pulse Time Modulation (PTM).

Pulse Width Modulation Video [HD]

 

Pulse Time Modulation (PTM)

In pulse time modulation, the timing of pulses of the pulsed carrier is varied. So the variations occur on the time axis. Since it is of two types, Pulse Width Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation, where width and position of the pulses is varied respectively. These changes in width or position take place on the time axis. Therefore PWM and PPM are types of pulse time modulation.

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COMPARISON OF PAM, PWM, PPM MODULATION TECHNIQUES

Now we will understand the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), in detail-

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

Definition:-

In Pulse width modulation, width (duration) of the pulses of the carrier wave is varied according to the modulating signal (message signal).

Let's analyze the waveform of pulse width modulation.
Look at the image given below to see the waveform of pulse width modulated signal. (Click the image to enlarge)-

Pulse Width Modulation Waveform (PWM)

Here you can see waveforms of modulating signal, pulsed carrier wave and pulse width modulated wave.

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#PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM) [ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES]
#Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)/ QAM Transmitter and QAM Receiver Block Diagram

As per the definition of pulse width modulation, we know that, in Pulse width modulation, the width of the pulses of carrier wave is varied according to the message signal. So you can see here in the image that as the amplitude of the message signal changes, the width of pulses of the pulsed carrier wave changes accordingly.
You can easily observe here, the width of the pulse is maximum when amplitude of the message signal is at maximum and in the same way, width is minimum when amplitude of the modulating signal is minimum.

Important Observations about Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

1.Since it is pulse width modulation (pulse duration modulation), therefore only the width (duration) of the pulses of the carrier wave changes. No change takes place in amplitude or position of the pulses.

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#Watch the VIDEOS PLAYLIST here (Pulse modulation Techniques)

2.As the width of pulses changes according to the modulating signal; information is present only in the width of the pulses. In Pulse width modulation, amplitude or position of the pulses contain no information.

Properties of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) 

1.Power in PWM

In PWM, instantaneous power of the transmitter varies due to variations in width of the pulses.

2.Noise in PWM 

Pulse Width Modulation is less affected by noise due to its constant amplitude. It is also easier to remove noise from the signal as compared to Pulse amplitude modulation.

3.Similarity of PWM with Continuous Wave Modulation

The pulse width modulation is very similar to Frequency Modulation (FM). Since in frequency modulation, frequency of the carrier wave varies according to instantaneous value the of the modulating signal. 
f=1/T 
i.e. frequency is inversely proportional to the time period.
Similarity in PWM, the duration (time period/time duration) varies.

Read More-

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PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM) || Definition, Basics and Waveform of PAM Explained

In this post we will discuss Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM). Pulse Amplitude Modulation is a pulse modulation technique. Other techniques of analog pulse modulation are- Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Pulse Position Modulation (PPM). But before discussing pulse amplitude modulation, it is important to know, what is pulse modulation and how it is different from continuous wave modulation.

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#NEED AND BENEFITS OF MODULATION

Pulse Amplitude Modulation Video [HD]

 

Difference between Pulse Modulation and Continuous Wave Modulation

In pulse modulation, some parameter (amplitude, width or position) of the pulsed carrier wave is varied as per the instantaneous value of the modulating signal (message signal). Types of analog pulse modulation techniques are- Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Pulse Position Modulation (PPM).

While continuous wave modulation is a technique of modulation where some parameter (amplitude, frequency or phase) of a sinusoidal carrier is varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of the  modulating signal. 

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COMPARISON OF PAM, PWM, PPM MODULATION TECHNIQUES

Types of continuous wave modulation are- Amplitude modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM) and Phase Modulation (PM).

See the image given below to understand different types of modulation techniques. Click the image to enlarge it-

Classification of Modulation Techniques

Classification of Modulation Techniques

The definitions of PAM, PWM and PPM are given below for quick reference-

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

In pulse amplitude modulation, the amplitude of pulsed carrier wave is varied according to the modulating signal.

Pulse Time Modulation (PTM)

In pulse time modulation, the timing of pulses of the pulsed carrier is varied. Therefore the variations in the pulse are on the time axis.

Pulse Time Modulation (PTM) is of two types-

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)/ Pulse Duration modulation (PDM) and

Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

In PWM, the width of pulsed carrier wave is varied as per the instantaneous value of the modulating signal.

Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)

In PPM, the position of pulsed carrier is varied as per the modulating signal (message signal).

Now we understand the basic difference between PAM, PWM and PPM. Now it's time to discuss pulse Amplitude Modulation in some detail-

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

Definition:-

The modulation technique in which the instantaneous amplitude of the pulsed carrier is varied according to the modulating signal (message signal) is called as pulse amplitude modulation (PAM).

Waveform of Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

Look at the image given below carefully to understand the formation of pulse amplitude modulated wave. (Click the image to enlarge)-

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) Waveform

Here in this image, you can see, three waveforms.

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#SAMPLING THEOREM AND RECONSTRUCTION (SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION)
#Watch the VIDEOS PLAYLIST here (Pulse modulation Techniques)

The first waveform is of modulating signal (message signal), the second one is of the pulsed career wave and the third waveform is of the pulse amplitude modulated wave (PAM).

The message signal can have multiple frequencies and variable amplitude. Here we have used a sinusoidal message signal. The carrier wave that we have used here, is a train of pulses having high frequency. Since we know that in Pulse modulation, the carrier wave is in the form of pulses.

Now we will understand how can we make pulse amplitude modulated wave (PAM).

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#AMPLITUDE MODULATION (TIME DOMAIN EQUATIONS AND WAVEFORMS)
#FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION (WAVEFORMS AND EQUATIONS DERIVATION)

As we have discussed that in Pulse amplitude modulation, the instantaneous amplitude of the pulsed carrier is varied according to the modulating signal (message signal). Now look at the image shown above very carefully, observe that, as the amplitude of the modulating signal (message signal or baseband signal) increases, the amplitude of the pulsed carrier wave increases and becomes maximum when the amplitude of the modulating signal reaches at its maximum. Now the amplitude of the carrier wave starts decreasing with decrease in amplitude of the modulating signal. So it is clear from the image that the amplitude of the pulsed carrier wave varies according to the instantaneous value of the message signal.

Important Observations about Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

#As it is Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), therefore only the amplitude of the pulsed carrier changes. 

#There is no change in the width or position of the pulsed carrier wave. So the width and position of the carrier wave pulse is constant here.

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#Digital Modulation Techniques (ASK, FSK, PSK, BPSK)/ Amplitude, Frequency and Phase Shift Keying

#Therefore all the information of the modulating signal is contained in the amplitude variations of the pulses. No information is present in the width or position of the pulses.

Read More-

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FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION (WAVEFORMS AND EQUATIONS DERIVATION)

AMPLITUDE MODULATION (TIME DOMAIN EQUATIONS AND WAVEFORMS)

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PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

CONTINUOUS TIME AND DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS (C.T. AND D.T. SIGNALS)

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PULSE POSITION MODULATION (PPM)

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OPTICAL FIBER SOURCES (DESIRABLE PROPERTIES)

AMPLITUDE MODULATION Vs FREQUENCY MODULATION (ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES)

PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM) [ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES]

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