22 Aug 2018

Communication Channels - Communication Channel Types- .Mobile Radio, Telephone, Optical Fibers and Satellite Communication

We have already discussed the communication system and also the basic building blocks of it with the help of block diagram of the electronic communication system.
Although we have talked about communication channels while describing the block diagram of communication system. But now we will discuss the communication channels in depth here.
Here we will see what we mean by communication channels and different types of communication channels.
So let's first understand what is a channel in the communication system-


What is a Channel in Communication

A channel is a medium through which the message having some information travels from the transmitter to the receiver.


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Communication Channel Types-

We will discuss 4 types of communication channels here that are used nowadays-

1.Mobile Radio Channel
2'Telephone Channel
3.Optical Fibres
4.Satellite Communication

Channels can broadly be classified into following two types-

*Point to Point Channels
*Broadcast Channels

Point-to-Point Channels- Channels having one transmitter and one receiver.
Some examples of point to point channels are- Wirelines, microwave links and optical fibers etc.
Broadcast Channels- These channels have one transmitter and multiple receivers. 
Satellite communication is an example of Broadcast channel.

Now we will discuss various communication channels one by one-


1.Mobile Radio Channels

Mobile radio channels have made the mobility possible in the  telecommunication networks. Mobile radio channels do not have any line of sight for communication. The radio propagation takes place mainly because of two phenomenons known as-

*Scattering and 
*Diffraction

The scattering takes place from the surfaces of buildings that are present in the surroundings. 
These obstacles are also responsible for the diffraction of the signals. 
Because of this scattering and diffraction the energy reaches to the receiving station via different paths which leads to different time delays. This problem is known as the multipath phenomena.


2.Telephone Channels

The telephone channels are used to establish an end to end communication link on a temporary basis. Switching mechanism is used in the telephone networks that is known as a circuit switching. 
In Telephone channel communication, the sender speaks into the microphone. The sound vibrations are converted into electrical signals that is to be transmitted through the wired channel.
At the receiving end these electrical signals are converted back into the sound signals.
The telephone channel can pass frequencies between 300 to 3100 Hz that covers all the frequencies that are present in the human speech.


3.Optical Fibers

An optical fiber is a flexible and transparent fibre, made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly more than that of a human hair (including outer coating, its diameter is 0.25 mm-0.5 mm).
You can watch the complete video about optical fiber structure and working.

Watch The Complete Video Here [HD]

 

The light rays propagate inside the optical fiber by the phenomenon of Total Internal Reflection (TIR). Now we will know the basic principle of operation of the optical fiber.


Working Principle of Optical Fiber


*Total Internal Reflection (TIR)

The optical fibre has a core and a cladding layer. The refractive index of the core is more than the refractive index of the cladding. So when the light rays move from denser medium to rarer medium (core to cladding) with an incidence angle greater than the critical angle (90 degrees), the total internal reflection phenomenon takes place and the light rays return back into the same denser medium (core). So the propagation of light rays take place inside the core of the Optical Fibre with successive Total Internal Reflection (TIR).
To understand, how this phenomenon of total internal reflection takes place inside the optical fibre when the light rays propagate through it, see the image given below (Click on the image to enlarge it)-

Total Internal Reflection (TIR), TIR, Critical angle
Total Internal Reflection (TIR)

The image above shows, 3 different cases of refraction of light, when the light ray propagates from denser medium to the rarer medium.

As we know, when the light rays move from denser medium to rarer medium, then it deviates away from the normal, as you can see in the image. This deviation (refraction) can be seen in all the three cases shown in the image.
Therefore the angle of refraction is more than the angle of incidence when the light rays move from denser medium to rarer medium.
Now look at the image, here you can see that, in the first case, when the incidence angle is less than the critical angle (the incidence angle, when the angle of refraction is 90° degrees), the light ray moves away from the normal in the rarer medium and goes into the rarer medium.
The second case shows the case of critical angle. Critical angle is the angle of incidence, when angle of refraction is 90 degrees (when the light ray moves from denser tor rare medium).
Now see the third case, it is the case where total internal reflection takes place. This is the same case that happens inside the optical fibre, when the light rays propagate through it.
In this third case, when the light ray moves from denser to rarer medium, with an angle of incidence more than the critical angle, it returns back into the same denser medium. This is called as total internal reflection.
This phenomena is known as total internal reflection, because in this phenomena, the light ray is reflected totally back into the same medium like reflection phenomena. 


*Structure and Working of the Optical Fiber

Now we will see how this phenomenon of total internal reflection takes place inside the optical fiber. To understand the concept clearly look at the image shown below (Click on the image to enlarge it)-


Propagation of light inside optical fiber, Total Internal Reflection (TIR), Total Internal Reflection (TIR) in optical fiber
Propagation of light inside optical fiber
with Total Internal Reflection (TIR)

This image shows the structure and working principle of the optical Fibre. You can see in this image the two layers of the Optical Fiber, known as Core and cladding.
Now observe the image carefully. When the light ray moves inside the core and reaches to the core- cladding interface, then the phenomenon of total internal reflection takes place. This phenomena is seen here because, the light ray moves from the denser medium to the rarer medium (core to cladding).
But for the total internal reflection to take place, it is necessary that the angle of incidence must be more than the critical angle. Only the incident light rays for which the angle of incidence is more than the critical angle, can propagate through the core of the fiber with total internal reflection. The light ray moves through the core of the fiber, with total internal reflection taking place each time when the light ray reaches at the core-cladding interface.
For the light rays that enter into the Optical Fiber with an angle of incidence lesser than the critical angle; the phenomenon of total internal reflection doesn't take place, and these light rays move into the cladding instead of returning back into the same denser medium (core).
So, we can see that for the light rays to travel through the Optical Fiber, it is necessary that the light rays must have the angle of incidence more than the critical angle at the core-cladding interface, for the total internal reflection to take place.


*Advantages of Optical Fibres

Following are the main benefits of Optical Fibers-
*Very large bandwidth (2x10^13 Hz)
*Negligible transmission losses (0.2 db/km)
*Small size and very lightweight
*Highly flexible
*Immune to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
*No risk of electric shock


4.Satellite Communication

Satellite communication can be used for Continental or Intercontinental communication. It can cover large areas and also the areas that are not easy to access using other conventional modes of communication like wired communication or optical fibers.
The communication satellites are situated in the Geostationary Orbit, at an altitude of 22300 miles above the Earth. 
These satellites are placed directly above the equator on eastward heading.
We call these orbits as geostationary because the satellite that is placed in the geostationary orbit appears stationary from the Earth as it completes one revolution around the earth in exactly 24 hours. And we know that the earth completes one rotation about its axis in 24 hours. Therefore the satellites placed in geostationary orbit appear stationery (fixed) from the Earth. 
The Image given below illustrates the satellite communication system-


Satellite Communication, Satellite Communication channel
Satellite Communication

You can easily understand the basic principle of satellite communication with the help of this diagram.
The diagram shows two earth stations and a satellite. 
One Earth station here is a transmitter while another earth station is receiving station. The transmitting earth station wants to send some information to the receiving earth station which is located at a large distance from it. 
In satellite communication system the information is not directly transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver, instead it is first sent to the satellite and then the satellite sends this message signal to the receiving earth station.
Therefore when the transmitting earth station has to send some message to the receiving earth station, it first sends the message signal to the satellite. 
As there is a large distance between the station and the satellite, the signals get weak. So the amplification of the signals takes place in the satellite when it receives it. Not only the amplification but also the frequency of the message signal is also modified as per the requirements. After these changes, the satellite sends the message signal back to the earth to the receiving earth station. 
You can also observed in the diagram the RF up-link and RF down-link.

This was all about different kinds of communication channels. You can ask your queries, doubts or suggestions in the comments.

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FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION (WAVEFORMS AND EQUATIONS DERIVATION)

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20 Aug 2018

Job Interview Questions and Answers for Fresh Graduates -Common Interview Questions

Here are the Most Common Job Interview Questions and Answers. In this Post you will know the questions that are asked in a job interview commonly. So it is highly likely that you will also have to face these questions at the time of your interview. So you should get familiar with these Questions as it is better to prepare for these questions and to know how to answer them properly. 
Because only a single answer can create the difference of selection or rejection in an interview.


Job Interview, common Job Interview questions with answers
Job Interview

So let's see these top 5 questions one by one-


1.Tell me about yourself

This is generally the first question that is asked in an interview. Use this question as an opportunity to tell something interesting about yourself that is not covered in your resume. Never waste this precious time in repeating the things that you have already mentioned in your resume. You may tell something about yourself that can help you in selection for the job.


2.What is your greatest strength and weakness?

You can use this question in your favor easily. Tell the employer the strength that will be helpful in qualifying for that particular job and makes you stand out from other candidates.
Telling about your weakness needs a tricky answer. You should answer this question in a way that your weakness seems your strength and helpful for the job. 
For example- You may say that 'I like perfection in whatever I do'. So this is a weakness because we know that it is not good to always struggle with perfectionism but it maybe a good news for the interviewer that you will try to get perfection in your all works. 
It's a good idea to end your answer with telling how you have planned to overcome this weakness.


3.How much salary you expect?

This is very important question as it is related to your salary. You should keep in mind that although this question seems easy but it may be the main factor behind the salary that you will get after joining.
It's a good idea to have knowledge about the right salary for that post in that particular organisation in advance. Because demanding more salary than the expectations of the employer can kick you out of the contest but if you demand low salary then you may end up working with the organisation at lower pay.


4.Why should we hire you?

When you face this question, tell the employer about your qualifications that suits best for the job requirements. It is advised to reply in a very confident and focused manner.


5.Why are you leaving or have left your job?

While answering this question be careful. Try to avoid criticizing your boss, colleagues or organisation 
that you have worked with in the past or are working in present. Try to answer in a way that it leaves 
and impression that you don't want to escape a bad situation that you faced in the old job, instead show 
that you are more motivated to work with the new organisation and you will get new opportunities to show your talent here. Never make a bad impression about yourself by speaking bad for others.



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Block Diagram of Communication System (Basic Building Blocks of Communication System with Explanation)

Here we will learn what is Communication System and how we can convey messages from one place to another electronically.
We will see the block diagram of communication system (electronic Communication system) with the explanation of each block.

So first let's start with the basic definition of Communication System-


Definition of Communication

Communication can be defined as the process of conveying message from source to destination through a medium.


Watch the Complete Video Here

Block Diagram of Communication System

Main building blocks of the communication system in electronics are-
*Source of information
*Input transducer
*Transmitter
*Channel
*Receiver
*Destination

All these basic building blocks of communication system are shown in the block diagram below-


Block Diagram of Communication System

Block Diagram of Communication System, Block Diagram of  Electronic Communication System
Block Diagram of Communication System

Now we will understand the functioning of each block of the block diagram -


1.Source of Information

It is responsible for the generation of information that is to be transmitted. The information source maybe some message from a computer, any music or speech by a person, a video from the television or message from a fax machine etc. 


2.Input Transducer

At the input end, we need to have a device which can convert the message from the information source like a speech, music or video which is in non-electrical form, to the electrical form. 
Therefore input transducer is simply an energy converter at the input end, having the function to convert non-electrical signals into electrical signals.
Example- microphone is a transducer at the input side, that converts audio signal (non-electrical) into electrical signal.
But why we need to convert non electrical signals into electrical signals? Because it is much easier to process electrical signals in comparison to other non electrical signals. 
Therefore at the input side, first we convert these non electrical signals into electrical signals then process these electrical signals and finally convert them back into the original form (non electrical) at the receiving end.


3.Transmitter

The main function of a transmitter is to process an electrical signal obtained from the input transducer.
These Signal Processing operations performed by the transmitter are-
*Amplification of the signal
*Modulation
*Limiting the frequencies (restricting the range of frequencies)

All the processing done on the signal performed in the transmitter makes the transmission process through the channel easier.


4.Channel

A channel is the medium through which the message travels from the transmitter to the receiver.
A Channel acts as a physical medium for propagation of the message signal.
We can broadly classify the channels into two parts-

*Point to point channels
*Broadcast channels

Point to point channels- in these types of channels we have one transmitter and one receiver. So the communication is point to point. Therefore it is also known as Unicasting. 
For example - Wirelines, microwave links and optical fibres etc.

Broadcast channels
Here we have one transmitter and multiple receivers, therefore it is known as broadcasting channel.

Noise in the channel
In the communication system, the maximum effect of the noise is in the channel. Noise is an unwanted random signal that interferes with the original message signal. 


5.Receiver

Function of the receiver is to reproduce the message signal from the distorted received signal.
In the receiver, the Demodulation (detection) of the modulated signal takes place. As we have seen earlier that the process of modulation takes place in the transmitter. So this modulated signal is demodulated at the receiver.
In the demodulation process the original message signal is recovered back from the modulated signal.


6.Destination

As we discussed that the input transducer is used to convert the non electrical signal into electrical signal. The destination also works as a transducer at the receiving end. It converts the electrical signal received after processing into its original form (non electrical). 
Example - Loudspeaker
The loudspeaker works as the destination in the communication system. It acts as an energy converter (transducer at the receiving end) as it converts the electrical signal back into the audio signal (non electrical form).

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FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION (WAVEFORMS AND EQUATIONS DERIVATION)

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What is Electronics - Basic Components of Electronics and Applications of Electronics

Hi friends ! Here we will discuss, What is electronics, various components used in electronics and applications of electronics in different fields.
So let's start with the definition of Electronics-


Definition of Electronics

Electronics is the science that deals with electrical devices and circuits that operate by controlling the flow of electrons or other electrically charged particles. This branch of science deals with; how electrons behave in gases, vacuum or semiconductors.

Watch the Complete Video Here

Basic Electronic Components

*Resistors
*Capacitors
*Inductors
*Diodes
*Transistors etc.

These are very basic components that are used  frequently in electronics. Using these basic components, it is possible to create more complex things like amplifiers, transformers, oscillators, relays, integrated circuits (ICs) etc.

Now we will see various Applications of Electronics in different fields-


Applications of Electronics

Electronics is used in various fields like-
Communication- Mobile phones, fax etc. 
Entertainment- Video games, music players, television, DVD players etc.
Industries- Mechatronics, robotics, power electronics, renewable energy applications etc.
Medical Services- ECG, X-Ray machines, pacemaker, stethoscope etc.
Defense- RADARS, Missiles etc.

Read More-

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FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION (WAVEFORMS AND EQUATIONS DERIVATION)

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