GATE 2019 Syllabus for Electrical Engineering (EE) Download PDF Syllabus

Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigenvalues, Eigen vectors.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series, Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line integral, Surface integral, Volume integral, Stokes’s theorem, Gauss’s theorem, Green’s theorem.
Differential equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchy’s equation, Euler’s equation, Initial and boundary value problems, Partial
Differential Equations, Method of separation of variables.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem, Cauchy’s integral formula, Taylor series, Laurent series, Residue theorem, Solution integrals.
Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation, Random variables, Discrete and Continuous distributions, Poisson distribution, Normal distribution, Binomial distribution, Correlation analysis, Regression analysis.
Numerical Methods: Solutions of nonlinear algebraic equations, Single and Multi‐step
methods for differential equations.
Transform Theory: Fourier Transform, Laplace Transform, z‐Transform.

Section 2: Electric Circuits

Network graph, KCL, KVL, Node and Mesh analysis, Transient response of dc and ac networks, Sinusoidal steady‐state analysis, Resonance, Passive filters, Ideal current and voltage sources, Thevenin’s theorem, Norton’s theorem, Superposition theorem, Maximum power transfer theorem, Two‐port networks, Three phase circuits, Power and power factor in ac circuits.

GATE 2019 Syllabus for ECE (EC) Electronics and Communication, Download PDF Syllabus

Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

Linear Algebra: Vector space, basis, linear dependence and independence, matrix algebra, eigen values and eigen vectors, rank, solution of linear equations–existence and uniqueness.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, theorems of integral calculus, evaluation of definite and improper integrals, partial derivatives, maxima and minima, multiple integrals, line, surface and volume integrals, Taylor series.
Differential Equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), higher order linear differential equations, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, methods of solution using variation of parameters, complementary function and particular integral, partial differential equations, variable separable method, initial and boundary value problems.
Vector Analysis: Vectors in plane and space, vector operations, gradient, divergence and curl, Gauss's, Green's and Stoke's theorems.
Complex Analysis: Analytic functions, Cauchy's integral theorem, Cauchy's integral formula; Taylor's and Laurent's series, residue theorem.
Numerical Methods: Solution of nonlinear equations, single and multi-step methods for
differential equations, convergence criteria.
Probability and Statistics: Mean, median, mode and standard deviation; combinatorial probability, probability distribution functions - binomial, Poisson, exponential and normal; Joint and conditional probability; Correlation and regression analysis.

Section 2: Networks, Signals and Systems

Network solution methods: Nodal and mesh analysis; Network theorems: superposition,
Thevenin and Norton’s, maximum power transfer; Wye‐Delta transformation; Steady state sinusoidal analysis using phasors; Time domain analysis of simple linear circuits; Solution of network equations using Laplace transform; Frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits
Linear 2‐port network parameters: driving point and transfer functions; State equations for
networks.

Low Level and High Level Modulation Block Diagram (AM Transmitter Block Diagram)

This post is about the generation of amplitude modulation. Here we will see two different ways of generating Amplitude Modulation (AM).
So the generation of amplitude modulation (AM) can be of following two types-

Types of Amplitude Modulation Generation

Low level Amplitude Modulation
High level Amplitude Modulation

Watch the Complete Video Here-

 

Here we will understand the difference between these two types of techniques of generation of AM, with the help of block diagrams-

Low Level Amplitude Modulation (Block Diagram)

The image given below shows the block diagram of a Low Level Amplitude Modulation

Block Diagram of Low Level Amplitude Modulation 

Now observe the image carefully-
This block diagram shows 3 main blocks-
#Low level AM modulator
#Wideband power amplifier and
#RF carrier oscillator

As you can see in the diagram that low level AM modulator has two inputs. At its first input we apply the modulating signal source (message signal) and it's second input is supplied by the RF carrier oscillator.
Since it is low level amplitude modulation therefore before applying the modulating signal to the low level AM modulator, we do not amplify it. In the same way, RF carrier is also not amplified.
Therefore you observe here that in low level AM modulation, neither the modulating signal nor the RF carrier is amplified before applying to low level AM modulator.

Block Diagram of CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope), Components of CRO and CRT with Structure and Working

In this post we will learn what is a Cathode Ray Oscilloscope. In short we call it as CRO. Here we will discuss the block diagram and working of CRO. Functioning of each block of CRO will be explained here in detail. 
Before understanding the structure and working of the cathode ray oscilloscope, let's see applications of CRO.

Watch the Complete Video Here-

Applications of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)

#CRO can be used for measuring voltage
#For measuring current
#For measuring phase and frequency of the signal
and 
#For analyzing the waveform of the signal in various ways

Components of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)

Observe the image shown below-

Block Diagram of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)

#Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
#Vertical amplifier
#Delay line
#Trigger circuit
#Time base generator
#Horizontal Amplifier

Components of the Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

#Filament
#Cathode plate
#Grid
#Accelerating anode plates
#Deflection plates (vertical deflection plates and horizontal deflection plates)
#Phosphor screen

The filament, cathode plate, grid and accelerating anode plates together make the electron gun.
The job of this electron gun is to produce high velocity electron beam.
Cathode ray tube (CRT) is the main part of the cathode ray oscilloscope. Therefore CRT is called as the 'Heart of the CRO'.

Slope Overload Distortion and Granular (Idle Noise), Quantization Noise in Delta Modulation

Slope Overload Distortion and Granular (Idle Noise)

Slope overload distortion and granular (idle noise) are the two major drawbacks of delta modulation.
So here we are going to discuss both of these drawbacks of delta modulation-
Watch the Complete Video Here-

Slope Overload Distortion

This distortion is caused due to large dynamic range of the input signal. Because When the input signal rising rate is very high, then the staircase signal cannot approximate it correctly.
So it creates large error between the original input signal X(t) and the staircase approximated signal. This noise (error) is known as slope overload distortion.

Solution of Slope Overload Distortion

The step size must be increased, when the input signal has high Slope. Therefore we use Adaptive Delta Modulation technique where the step size is increased when large dynamic variations are present in the signal X(t), to reduce the quantization errors present in delta modulation. 

Granular Noise (Idle Noise)

This noise (error) occurs when the step size is too large in comparison to small variations in the input signal.
So because of large step size in comparison to the signal having very small variations or constant; error is introduced between the input signal and the approximated staircases signal. This error is known as the granular or idle noise.

Solution of the Granular Noise (Idle Noise)

We can overcome the problem of granular noise by keeping the step size small.

We use this in adaptive delta modulation technique, where the step size is reduced as per the small signal value to reduce the difference between the signal and its approximation (staircase waveform).

Now observe the image shown below-
This image shows the quantisation errors in Delta modulation (slope overload distortion and granular noise).

Slope Overload Distortion and Granular Noise in Delta Modulation

As you can see in the image that the shaded part in red color shows the slope overload distortion present in Delta modulation while the shaded region in green color represents the granular noise which is also known as idle noise. Both of these errors (noises) are quantization errors and are present in Delta modulation.

Frequency Translation/Frequency Mixing/Frequency Conversion/Heterodyning (Basic Concepts and Need)

In this post we will discuss, what is Frequency Translation. This is also known by other names like- Frequency Mixing, Frequency Conversion or Heterodyning.

What is Frequency Mixing (Frequency Conversion/ Heterodyning/Frequency Translation) and Why it is NEEDED?

It is generally required to translate or shift the modulated signal to a new band of frequency in the processing of signals in the communication systems.
Because the received signal translated to a fixed intermediate frequency (IF), can easily be Amplified, Filtered and Demodulated (Detected).

For example- in most commercial AM radio receivers, the received radio frequency (RF) signal is 560- 1640 kHz. But this is shifted to an Intermediate Frequency (IF) which is 455 kHz band, for the purpose of processing.
This is done because the received signal, that has been translated to a fixed intermediate frequency, easily be Amplified, Filtered and Demodulated.

The device which is used to perform this operation of frequency translation of the modulated wave is known as the "Frequency Mixer" and this process is also called as frequency conversion, frequency mixing or heterodyning.

Read More-

Go To HOME Page
   
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION (WAVEFORMS AND EQUATIONS DERIVATION)

AMPLITUDE MODULATION (TIME DOMAIN EQUATIONS AND WAVEFORMS)

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

STEP INDEX OPTICAL FIBER (MULTIMODE AND SINGLE MODE STEP INDEX FIBERS)

PULSE MODULATION TECHNIQUES (PAM, PWM, PPM, PCM)

OPTICAL FIBER: STRUCTURE AND WORKING PRINCIPLE

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

COMPARISON OF PAM, PWM, PPM MODULATION TECHNIQUES

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

CONTINUOUS TIME AND DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS (C.T. AND D.T. SIGNALS)

NEED AND BENEFITS OF MODULATION

PULSE POSITION MODULATION (PPM)

OPTICAL FIBERS IN COMMUNICATION: COVERS ALL IMPORTANT POINTS

OPTICAL FIBER SOURCES (DESIRABLE PROPERTIES)

AMPLITUDE MODULATION Vs FREQUENCY MODULATION (ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES)

PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM) [ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES]

SAMPLING THEOREM AND RECONSTRUCTION (SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION)

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM (BASICS, SOLVED PROBLEMS, APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS)

Digital Modulation Techniques (ASK, FSK, PSK, BPSK)/ Amplitude, Frequency and Phase Shift Keying

Conventional AM Vs DSB-SC Vs SSB-SC Vs VSB (Comparison of AM Systems)

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)/ QAM Transmitter and QAM Receiver Block Diagram

Single-Mode Optical Fiber Advantages

What are Microwaves and their Applications (Uses) in various fields

Microwaves Properties and Advantages (Benefits)

Basic Structure of Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) - BJT Transistor - Working and Properties

Polar Plots of Transfer Functions in Control Systems (How to Draw Nyquist Plot Examples)

Generation of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK Generation) - Block Diagram of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

Low Level and High Level Modulation Block Diagram (AM Transmitter Block Diagram)

Block Diagram of CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope), Components of CRO and CRT with Structure and Working

Slope Overload Distortion and Granular (Idle Noise), Quantization Noise in Delta Modulation

Frequency Translation/Frequency Mixing/Frequency Conversion/Heterodyning (Basic Concepts and Need)

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Modulation (QPSK) Basics, Waveform and Benefits

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Vs Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)

Digital Modulation Techniques (Coherent and NonCoherent Digital Modulation Techniques)

Rules of Divisibility (Divisibility Rule for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11) with Examples

In this Post we will discuss Divisibility Rules for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 in detail with the help of examples. So go through this post to clear all your concepts about rules of divisibility

Divisibility Rule for 2

A number is divisible by 2 when the digit at ones place is 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8.
For example- 12, 16, 286, 340 etc. are divisible by 2.

Divisibility Rule for 3

A number is said to be divisible by 3, when the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
For example- 210, 156 etc. are divisible by 3, because sum of digits of both of these numbers is divisible by 3.
2 + 1 + 0= 3, which is divisible by 3
Similarly, 1 + 5 + 6 = 12, which is also divisible by 3. 
So here we see that sum of digits of the number is divisible by 3 therefore the whole number is divisible by 3.

Divisibility Rules for 4

A number is divisible by 4, if the number formed with it's last two digits is divisible by 4.
For example- 18232 is divisible by 4, because the last two digits of this number i.e. 32 is divisible by 4. Therefore the whole number, 18232 is divisible by 4.

Divisibility by 5

A number is said to be divisible by 5, when the digit at ones place is either 0 or 5.
For example- 150, 31820, 34355 are all divisible by 5, because these numbers have 0, 0 and 5 respectively at their units places.
But Numbers such as 124, 386, 259 are not divisible by 5.

Divisibility Rule for 6

A number is divisible by 6, if it is divisible by both 2 and 3.
Example- 948 is divisible by 6, as it is divisible by both 2 (at units place it has 8) and 3 (9 + 4 + 8= 21, which is divisible by 3)
But the number 35378 is not divisible by 6, since it is divisible by 2 but not divisible by 3.

Divisibility Rule of 7

A number is divisible by 7, when the difference between twice the digit at ones place, and the number formed by the remaining digits is either 0 or a number divisible by 7. Let's understand the divisibility rule of 7 with an example-
Example- 658 is divisible by 7 because, 65-(2x8)=65-16= 49 is divisible by 7. Therefore this number is divisible by 7.

Types of Numbers (Natural, Whole, Integer, Rational, Irrational, Real, Imaginary, Complex Numbers)

Following is the Classification of various types of numbers-

Natural Numbers (N)

If N is a set of natural numbers, then we can write the set of natural numbers as N={1,2,3,4,5,6...}. So natural numbers are simply the counting numbers.

Whole Numbers (W)

If w is the set of whole numbers, then whole numbers can be written as W={0,1,2,3,4...},
So it is clear that if we add 0 in the set of natural numbers then we get the set of whole numbers.

Integers (I)

If we represent the set of integers by I, then we can write I={ ...-3, -2, -1, 1, 0,1, 2, 3...}
Here note that, {1,2,3...} is the set of positive integers while, {...-1, -2, -3} is the set of negative integers. But '0' is neither positive number nor negative number.

Rational Numbers (Q)

Rational numbers are the numbers, that can be expressed in the form of p/q, where both p and q are integers and q is not equal to zero.
Following are the examples of Rational numbers-
0, 4, -4, 3/4, -5/7 etc.
It is very interesting to note here that between any two rational numbers, there exist infinite number of rational numbers.

Irrational Numbers

Non recurring and non terminating decimals are called has irrational numbers. Unlike rational numbers, irrational numbers cannot be expressed in the form of p/q. 
Irrational numbers are all the real numbers which are not rational numbers.
Some examples of irrational numbers are-
√3, √5, √7, √29...

Real Numbers

On combining rational numbers and irrational numbers we get set of real numbers.
In other words, a real number is a value of a continuous quantity that can represent a distance along a line.
Ex. 2, -3, 3/4, √3, √5...

RRC Central Railway Recruitment 2018 (Apprentice Vacancies 2018)

RRC Central Railway Recruitment 2018

(Railway Recruitment Cell, Central Railway, Mumbai)

Complete Details of this notification is given below-

Post Name- 
Apprentice

Total no. of Vacancies in RRC Central Railway Recruitment 2018- 
2573 post

Important Dates for RRC Central Railway Recruitment 2018- 
Starting Date - 26 June 2018
Last Date – 25 July 2018
Last Date for Fee Payment – 25 July 2018
Merit List – Will be Declared Soon

Tamilnadu Govt. Jobs 2018/ AAVIN Recruitment 2018 (Sr Factory Assistant Posts, Apply Online for 275 Posts)

Tamil Nadu Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Ltd. (Aavin) has released a notification for the recruitment of Senior Factory Assistants with total number of vacancies of 275 posts. Interested candidates may apply for the post online before 16 July 2018.

The details of this notification is given below-

Post Name- TN Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Ltd Sr Factory Asst Online Form 2018

Total no. of Vacancies- 275 Posts

Largest Deserts in the World

Here are the Largest Deserts in the world, their Area and Location and also some interesting facts about these great deserts.

1. Antarctica Desert

Antarctica is the largest desert in the world, which is located around the South Pole. The total area covered by the Antarctica desert is 5.5 million square miles !!! Antarctica is the coldest continent and has highest average elevation in comparison to any other continent on the earth.
The temperature of Antarctica in winters may fall to -89 degree Celsius. No permanent residents are found in Antarctica because of too low temperature, but temporary residents are present in small number.

2. Arctic Desert

With an area of about 5.5 million square miles, arctic desert is the second largest desert in the world. This desert comes under Canada, Denmark, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the USA. Winter temperature may fall to  -40 degree Celsius.