Acceptance Angle and Numerical Aperture (NA) (Optical Fiber Communication)

In this post we will discuss two important concepts of optical fibers, these are- Acceptance Angle and Numerical Aperture (NA).

Definition of Acceptance Angle

Acceptance angle is the maximum angle with the axis of the Optical Fiber at which the light can enter into the optical fiber in order to be propagated through it.

🌓READ THIS ALSO:-
Optical Fiber Communication (Complete)

Now let's understand this concept with the help of this diagram-

Acceptance Angle and Numerical Aperture (NA) in Optical Fiber

This diagram clearly illustrates the concept of the numerical aperture and acceptance angle. What we mean by Acceptance cone, is also explain here.

Watch the Complete Video Here

 

Structure and Working of the Optical Fiber

Now observe this diagram carefully, two layers of the Optical Fiber- Core and Cladding can be seen in the diagram. These are drawn in pink color. The light rays propagate inside the core that has another layer over it, known as cladding.
Although other protective layers are also there over the cladding layer, But only core and cladding are shown in this image, which is enough to clear the concepts.

🌓READ THIS ALSO:-

STEP INDEX OPTICAL FIBER (MULTIMODE AND SINGLE MODE STEP INDEX FIBERS)
OPTICAL FIBER SOURCES (DESIRABLE PROPERTIES)

The refractive index (the ratio of speed of light in vacuum and the speed of light in the medium) of the core is more than the refractive index of the cladding.
As we also know that, when a light ray propagates from a denser medium to the rarer medium, it deviates away from the normal. But when the angle of incidence is more than the critical angle then this light ray returns back into the same medium. This phenomena is called as the 'Total Internal Reflection' (TIR). 
Although it is a special case of refraction where the incidence angle is more than the critical angle, but here it seems like a reflection phenomena and the light ray is totally reflected back into the same medium. Therefore this phenomena is known as the Total Internal Reflection (TIR).

🌓READ THIS ALSO:-
OPTICAL FIBER: STRUCTURE AND WORKING PRINCIPLE

The same phenomena of total internal reflection takes place in the optical fibre. Here the core acts as a denser medium while the cladding as a rarer medium. So the light rays propagate inside the core of the optical fiber with the total internal reflections.
But as we have already discussed that for the total internal reflection to take place, it is required that the incidence angle must be more than the critical angle. If this condition is satisfied then the light ray can propagate inside the core of The optical fiber with total internal reflection.

🌓READ THIS ALSO:-
ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION
Single-Mode Optical Fiber Advantages

Now again observe the image. This image shows two light rays. Focus on any one light ray. You will see that total internal reflection takes place inside the core every time at the core cladding interface. The reflected ray after total internal reflection acts as the incident ray for the next total internal reflection. As each time the incidence angle is more than the critical angle at the core cladding interface. Therefore the light ray propagates inside the core of The optical fibre with successive total internal reflections.

NOTE- For much better explanation, I suggest you to watch my video lecture given above on this page.

Acceptance Angle and Acceptance Cone

Now first we will understand the concept of acceptance cone. You can see this acceptance cone in the image given above. For the total internal reflection to take place, it is required that the light rays entering into the fibre must be confined to this cone.
It means that if there is any light ray that is entering into the fiber with an angle which is outside this cone, then the total internal reflection will not take place. Because in this case the incidence angle will be smaller than the critical angle (Visualize this condition by observing the image or you may watch the video given here). 

🌓READ THIS ALSO:-
Graded Index Fibers: Basics, Structure and Working

You can understand it easily with the help of this image also. According to this image, if the angle theta 1 reduces to a certain limit then this light ray goes out of the acceptance cone.
In other words we can say, if the light ray is out of the acceptance cone, then the incidence angle is smaller than the critical Angle and in this case total internal reflection will not take place.

Now you know the concept of acceptance cone. So it is very easy to understand, what is acceptance angle.
Acceptance angle is just the conical half angle of the acceptance cone. This acceptance angle is shown in the diagram here.

As already defined, "Acceptance angle is the maximum angle with the axis of the optical fiber at which light can enter the fiber, in order to be propagated through it".
The light rays that are outside this acceptance cone are not accepted by the optical fiber, that's why it is known as acceptance cone.

Let's now discuss what is Numerical Aperture...

Numerical Aperture (NA)

Numerical aperture in case of optical fiber communication can be defined as- "The light gathering (collecting) capacity of an optical fibre".

The numerical aperture provides important relationship between acceptance angle and the refractive index of the core and cladding.

These relationships are given here in the image below-

Formulas for Numerical Aperture (NA) and Acceptance Angle

Numerical Aperture and
Acceptance Angle Formulas

Read More-

Go To HOME Page
   
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION (WAVEFORMS AND EQUATIONS DERIVATION)

AMPLITUDE MODULATION (TIME DOMAIN EQUATIONS AND WAVEFORMS)

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

STEP INDEX OPTICAL FIBER (MULTIMODE AND SINGLE MODE STEP INDEX FIBERS)

PULSE MODULATION TECHNIQUES (PAM, PWM, PPM, PCM)

OPTICAL FIBER: STRUCTURE AND WORKING PRINCIPLE

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

COMPARISON OF PAM, PWM, PPM MODULATION TECHNIQUES

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

CONTINUOUS TIME AND DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS (C.T. AND D.T. SIGNALS)

NEED AND BENEFITS OF MODULATION

PULSE POSITION MODULATION (PPM)

OPTICAL FIBERS IN COMMUNICATION: COVERS ALL IMPORTANT POINTS

OPTICAL FIBER SOURCES (DESIRABLE PROPERTIES)

AMPLITUDE MODULATION Vs FREQUENCY MODULATION (ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES)

PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM) [ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES]

SAMPLING THEOREM AND RECONSTRUCTION (SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION)

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM (BASICS, SOLVED PROBLEMS, APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS)

Digital Modulation Techniques (ASK, FSK, PSK, BPSK)/ Amplitude, Frequency and Phase Shift Keying

Conventional AM Vs DSB-SC Vs SSB-SC Vs VSB (Comparison of AM Systems)

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)/ QAM Transmitter and QAM Receiver Block Diagram

Single-Mode Optical Fiber Advantages

What are Microwaves and their Applications (Uses) in various fields

Microwaves Properties and Advantages (Benefits)

Basic Structure of Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) - BJT Transistor - Working and Properties

Polar Plots of Transfer Functions in Control Systems (How to Draw Nyquist Plot Examples)

Generation of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK Generation) - Block Diagram of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

Low Level and High Level Modulation Block Diagram (AM Transmitter Block Diagram)

Block Diagram of CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope), Components of CRO and CRT with Structure and Working

Slope Overload Distortion and Granular (Idle Noise), Quantization Noise in Delta Modulation

Frequency Translation/Frequency Mixing/Frequency Conversion/Heterodyning (Basic Concepts and Need)

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Modulation (QPSK) Basics, Waveform and Benefits

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Vs Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)

Digital Modulation Techniques (Coherent and NonCoherent Digital Modulation Techniques)

Optical Fibers in Communication | All you need to know about Optical Fibers (Includes Video)

Here we will discuss all the Basics of optical fibers that include its Basic Introduction, Structure and Working Principle, Communication Process of optical fibers, Types of optical fibers, Benefits, Losses and Dispersion in optical fibers. We will discuss here each topic one by one-

Optical Fibers in Communication Video [HD]

 

1.What is an Optical Fiber?

An optical fiber is a flexible and transparent fiber which is made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic.
Optical fiber has a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair.

2.Structure and Working of the Optical Fiber

Optical fibers are made of glass or plastic.
Most optical fibers used in communication have diameter of 0.25 mm to 0.5 mm including outer coating.

🌓READ THIS ALSO:-
#OPTICAL FIBER SOURCES (DESIRABLE PROPERTIES)

Optical Fiber communication takes place between 0.8 micrometer to 1.7 micrometer of wavelength of electromagnetic spectrum.
Optical fibers have a transparent core which is surrounded by a transparent cladding and the cladding has a protective covering over it.
The image given below explains the concept of Total Internal Reflection (TIR) which is the phenomenon responsible for propagation of light inside the optical fiber.

Total Internal Reflection (TIR)
Phenomenon

Total Internal Reflection (TIR)
Inside Optical Fiber

Based on the refractive index profile, there are two categories of optical fibers-
#Step Index Optical Fibers
#Graded Index Optical Fibers

In step index fibers, the refractive index profile makes a step change at the core-cladding interface.
In step index fiber if core has refractive index n1 and cladding has refractive index n2, then this condition holds-
n1>n2 
And this is necessary condition for Total Internal Reflection (TIR) in the optical fiber.
While the graded index fibers don't have a constant refractive index in the core but the refractive index of the core decreases with increasing radial distance from the core axis.

🌓READ THIS ALSO:-
#STEP INDEX OPTICAL FIBER (MULTIMODE AND SINGLE MODE STEP INDEX FIBERS)

It has maximum value of refractive index at the core axis that decreases as we move away from the core axis and becomes constant in the cladding.
The light rays travel inside the core by the phenomena of total internal reflection. Since the core has higher refractive index (n1) than that of cladding (n2), i.e. n1>n2.
So when the light rays fall on the core-cladding interface (moves from denser to rarer medium), it returns back into the core.
But for the Total Internal Reflection (TIR) to take place, it is necessary for the light rays to have incidence angle greater than the critical angle while moving from denser to rarer medium (core to cladding).

3.Optical Fiber Communication Process

Message that we want to transmit maybe non-electrical in nature (audio signal), so first of all it needs to be converted into electrical form using transducers.
Now the message converted into electrical form modulates an optical source. Ex. LASER or LED.

🌓READ THIS ALSO:-
#ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION
#Step Index Vs Graded Index Fibers

After this the light rays containing message travel through the optical fiber by the phenomena of total internal reflection. Due to total internal reflection the energy loss is negligible inside the fiber while travelling.
Now at the receiving end, photodetectors like photodiodes or phototransistors etc., are used to convert the light signal back into electrical signal. Then the original message signal is retrieved from this electrical signal.

4.Types of Optical Fibers (Based on Modes of Propagation)

There are two types of optical fibers based on modes of propagation -
#Single Mode fibers (SMF)
#MultiMode fibers (MMF)
As clear by the name itself, the single mode fibers support only one propagation path, since they have very small diameter. While multimode fibers can support many propagation paths or transverse modes as they have larger diameter.
Single mode fibers are used for long distance communication while multimode fibers for short distance communication.
Single mode fiber provide greatest transmission bandwidth and lowest losses in communication.

5.Benefits of Optical Fibers

#Energy loss is negligible inside the optical fibers while propagation due to total internal reflection.
#Optical fibers provide very large potential bandwidth (since optical communication takes place at very high frequency (10^13-10^16).
#Optical fibres have small size, are lightweight and very flexible.

🌓READ THIS ALSO:-
#OPTICAL FIBER: STRUCTURE AND WORKING PRINCIPLE

#Optical fibers provide electrical isolation and are shock resistant. Since inside the fiber light propagates; not any electric current.
#Optical fibers provide high degree of signal security since these fibers do not radiate significantly unlike copper cables.
#Optical fibers are easy to maintain and the communication system is reliable.

6.Losses in Optical Fibers

Although the optical fibers have negligible losses in propagation but some losses are still present. These losses are the following-
#Material absorption
#Linear and nonlinear scattering
#Fibre bend losses

7.Dispersion in optical fibers

When light rays travel through the fiber, the phenomena of dispersion (broadening of transmitted light pulses), takes place. Because of this dispersion, each pulse broadens and overlaps with its neighboring pulses. Due to this, pulses become indistinguishable at the receiving end. This effect is known as Inter Symbol Interference (ISI).

🌓READ THIS ALSO:-
#Single-Mode Optical Fiber Advantages

The dispersion is of two types-
#Intermodal Dispersion
#Intramodal Dispersion
Here is the comparison of intermodal dispersion in different types of optical fibers- Multimode step index fiber> Multimode graded index fiber> Single mode step index fiber

Read More-

Go To HOME Page
   
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION (WAVEFORMS AND EQUATIONS DERIVATION)

AMPLITUDE MODULATION (TIME DOMAIN EQUATIONS AND WAVEFORMS)

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

STEP INDEX OPTICAL FIBER (MULTIMODE AND SINGLE MODE STEP INDEX FIBERS)

PULSE MODULATION TECHNIQUES (PAM, PWM, PPM, PCM)

OPTICAL FIBER: STRUCTURE AND WORKING PRINCIPLE

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

COMPARISON OF PAM, PWM, PPM MODULATION TECHNIQUES

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

CONTINUOUS TIME AND DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS (C.T. AND D.T. SIGNALS)

NEED AND BENEFITS OF MODULATION

PULSE POSITION MODULATION (PPM)

OPTICAL FIBERS IN COMMUNICATION: COVERS ALL IMPORTANT POINTS

OPTICAL FIBER SOURCES (DESIRABLE PROPERTIES)

AMPLITUDE MODULATION Vs FREQUENCY MODULATION (ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES)

PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM) [ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES]

SAMPLING THEOREM AND RECONSTRUCTION (SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION)

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM (BASICS, SOLVED PROBLEMS, APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS)

Digital Modulation Techniques (ASK, FSK, PSK, BPSK)/ Amplitude, Frequency and Phase Shift Keying

Conventional AM Vs DSB-SC Vs SSB-SC Vs VSB (Comparison of AM Systems)

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)/ QAM Transmitter and QAM Receiver Block Diagram

Single-Mode Optical Fiber Advantages

What are Microwaves and their Applications (Uses) in various fields

Microwaves Properties and Advantages (Benefits)

Basic Structure of Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) - BJT Transistor - Working and Properties

Polar Plots of Transfer Functions in Control Systems (How to Draw Nyquist Plot Examples)

Generation of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK Generation) - Block Diagram of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

Low Level and High Level Modulation Block Diagram (AM Transmitter Block Diagram)

Block Diagram of CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope), Components of CRO and CRT with Structure and Working

Slope Overload Distortion and Granular (Idle Noise), Quantization Noise in Delta Modulation

Frequency Translation/Frequency Mixing/Frequency Conversion/Heterodyning (Basic Concepts and Need)

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Modulation (QPSK) Basics, Waveform and Benefits

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Vs Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)

Digital Modulation Techniques (Coherent and NonCoherent Digital Modulation Techniques)

Optical Fiber Working Principle and Construction || Optical Fiber Communication

Here we will discuss, What is an Optical Fiber, the Construction of the Optical Fiber and Working principle of the Optical Fiber. A complete video lecture has also been included to clear the concepts in a better way.
So let's start with the definition of Optical Fiber-

What is an Optical Fiber?

An optical fiber is a flexible and transparent fiber, made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly more than that of a human hair (including outer coating, its diameter is 0.25 mm-0.5 mm).

Optical Fiber Construction and Working Principle Video [HD]

 

The light rays propagate inside the optical fiber by the phenomenon of Total Internal Reflection (TIR). Now we will know the basic principle of operation of the optical fiber.

Working Principle of Optical Fiber

Total Internal Reflection in Optical Fiber (TIR)

The optical fiber has a core and a cladding layer. The refractive index of the core is more than the refractive index of the cladding. So when the light rays move from denser medium to rarer medium (core to cladding) with an incidence angle greater than the critical angle (90 degrees), the total internal reflection phenomenon takes place and the light rays return back into the same denser medium (core). So the propagation of light rays take place inside the core of the Optical Fiber with successive Total Internal Reflection (TIR).

To understand, how this phenomenon of total internal reflection takes place inside the optical fiber when the light rays propagate through it, see the image given below 

(Click on the image to enlarge it)-

Total Internal Reflection (TIR)

The image above shows, 3 different cases of refraction of light, when the light ray propagates from denser medium to the rarer medium.

🌓READ THIS ALSO:-
#STEP INDEX OPTICAL FIBER (MULTIMODE AND SINGLE MODE STEP INDEX FIBERS)
#OPTICAL FIBERS IN COMMUNICATION: COVERS ALL IMPORTANT POINTS

As we know, when the light rays move from denser medium to rarer medium, then it deviates away from the normal, as you can see in the image. This deviation (refraction) can be seen in all the three cases shown in the image.
Therefore the angle of refraction is more than the angle of incidence when the light rays move from denser medium to rarer medium.
Now look at the image, here you can see that, in the first case, when the incidence angle is less than the critical angle (the incidence angle, when the angle of refraction is 90° degrees), the light ray moves away from the normal in the rarer medium and goes into the rarer medium.
The second case shows the case of critical angle. Critical angle is the angle of incidence, when angle of refraction is 90 degrees (when the light ray moves from denser tor rare medium).
Now see the third case, it is the case where total internal reflection takes place. This is the same case that happens inside the optical fibre, when the light rays propagate through it.
In this third case, when the light ray moves from denser to rarer medium, with an angle of incidence more than the critical angle, it returns back into the same denser medium. This is called as total internal reflection.

🌓READ THIS ALSO:-
#ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION
#OPTICAL FIBER SOURCES (DESIRABLE PROPERTIES)

This phenomena is known as total internal reflection, because in this phenomena, the light ray is reflected totally back into the same medium like reflection phenomena. 

Construction and Working of the Optical Fiber

Now we will see how this phenomenon of total internal reflection takes place inside the optical fiber. To understand the concept clearly look at the image shown below (Click on the image to enlarge it)-

Propagation of light inside optical fiber
with Total Internal Reflection (TIR)

This image shows the structure and working principle of the optical Fibre. You can see in this image the two layers of the Optical Fiber, known as Core and cladding.

🌓READ THIS ALSO:-
#Single-Mode Optical Fiber Advantages

Now observe the image carefully. When the light ray moves inside the core and reaches to the core- cladding interface, then the phenomenon of total internal reflection takes place. This phenomena is seen here because, the light ray moves from the denser medium to the rarer medium (core to cladding).

But for the total internal reflection to take place, it is necessary that the angle of incidence must be more than the critical angle. Only the incident light rays for which the angle of incidence is more than the critical angle, can propagate through the core of the fiber with total internal reflection. The light ray moves through the core of the fiber, with total internal reflection taking place each time when the light ray reaches at the core-cladding interface.
For the light rays that enter into the Optical Fiber with an angle of incidence lesser than the critical angle; the phenomenon of total internal reflection doesn't take place, and these light rays move into the cladding instead of returning back into the same denser medium (core).
So, we can see that for the light rays to travel through the Optical Fiber, it is necessary that the light rays must have the angle of incidence more than the critical angle at the core-cladding interface, for the total internal reflection to take place.

Read More-

Go To HOME Page
   
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION (WAVEFORMS AND EQUATIONS DERIVATION)

AMPLITUDE MODULATION (TIME DOMAIN EQUATIONS AND WAVEFORMS)

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

STEP INDEX OPTICAL FIBER (MULTIMODE AND SINGLE MODE STEP INDEX FIBERS)

PULSE MODULATION TECHNIQUES (PAM, PWM, PPM, PCM)

OPTICAL FIBER: STRUCTURE AND WORKING PRINCIPLE

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

COMPARISON OF PAM, PWM, PPM MODULATION TECHNIQUES

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

CONTINUOUS TIME AND DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS (C.T. AND D.T. SIGNALS)

NEED AND BENEFITS OF MODULATION

PULSE POSITION MODULATION (PPM)

OPTICAL FIBERS IN COMMUNICATION: COVERS ALL IMPORTANT POINTS

OPTICAL FIBER SOURCES (DESIRABLE PROPERTIES)

AMPLITUDE MODULATION Vs FREQUENCY MODULATION (ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES)

PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM) [ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES]

SAMPLING THEOREM AND RECONSTRUCTION (SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION)

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM (BASICS, SOLVED PROBLEMS, APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS)

Digital Modulation Techniques (ASK, FSK, PSK, BPSK)/ Amplitude, Frequency and Phase Shift Keying

Conventional AM Vs DSB-SC Vs SSB-SC Vs VSB (Comparison of AM Systems)

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)/ QAM Transmitter and QAM Receiver Block Diagram

Single-Mode Optical Fiber Advantages

What are Microwaves and their Applications (Uses) in various fields

Microwaves Properties and Advantages (Benefits)

Basic Structure of Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) - BJT Transistor - Working and Properties

Polar Plots of Transfer Functions in Control Systems (How to Draw Nyquist Plot Examples)

Generation of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK Generation) - Block Diagram of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

Low Level and High Level Modulation Block Diagram (AM Transmitter Block Diagram)

Block Diagram of CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope), Components of CRO and CRT with Structure and Working

Slope Overload Distortion and Granular (Idle Noise), Quantization Noise in Delta Modulation

Frequency Translation/Frequency Mixing/Frequency Conversion/Heterodyning (Basic Concepts and Need)

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Modulation (QPSK) Basics, Waveform and Benefits

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Vs Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)

Digital Modulation Techniques (Coherent and NonCoherent Digital Modulation Techniques)

Optical fibers have many good qualities that make it highly useful in different fields of our life. Here we will discuss various advantages (benefits) of Optical Fiber Communication

Advantages of Optical Fiber Communication

1.Low transmission losses

2.Huge potential bandwidth 

3.Small size, low weight and high flexibility.

4.Electrical isolation

5.Security of signal

6.No cross-talk and immunity to interference

7.Potential low cost

8.Reliable system

9.Not attractive for theft

Advantages of Optical Fiber Communication Video [HD]

  

1.Optical Fibers offer Low Transmission Losses

*Total Internal Reflection (TIR) phenomenon takes place in optical fibers, which offer very low losses.

*Large spacing between repeaters is possible due to low losses

*Optical fibres can be used for long distance communication

*Transmission Losses are very low (0.2 decible/kilometre)

*Negligible transmission Losses in optical fibers are due to the following reasons-

 #Material absorption

 #Linear and nonlinear scattering

 #Fibre bend losses

2.Optical Fibers Provide Huge Potential Bandwidth

*Light rays are used as the carrier waves. The light rays have very high frequency.

*The optical fibers provide very large bandwidth due to this high frequency carrier, since as the carrier frequency increases, the bandwidth increases.

*Bandwidth of optical fibers is around 10^14 Hertz.

🌓READ THIS ALSO:-
#OPTICAL FIBER (STRUCTURE AND WORKING PRINCIPLE)

3.Optical Fibers are of Small Size, Low Weight and have High Flexibility

*Diameter of Optical Fibers is very small (slightly more than that of human hair)

*Optical fibers occupy less space

*These are very light weight

*Highly flexible

*Easy to transport and Store

*Optical fibers can be very useful at highly populated places to reduce congestion as these occupy less space

4.Electrical Isolation is provided by Optical Fibers 

*Optical fibers are made of glass (silica) or plastic, these are nothing but the insulators.

*So the light rays travel inside the insulating material

*Therefore there is no chance of electrical shock, short circuit or sparking hazards etc.

🌓READ THIS ALSO:-

#STEP INDEX OPTICAL FIBER (MULTIMODE AND SINGLE MODE STEP INDEX FIBERS)

5.Signal Security is also an advantage of using Optical Fibers 

*Light rays propagate inside the core of the optical fiber

*Hacking of the signal is not possible

*If someone tries to steal the signals, then it can be easily detected.

*This feature of optical fibers is useful especially for military, banking and sending secret messages.

6.Optical Fibers help in No Crosstalk and are Immune to Interference

*In optical fibers, there is no interference in electrically noisy environment.

*There is no effect of EMI or RFI.

*Fibers can be cabled together without any cross-talk 

7.Optical Fibers have Potentially Low Cost

*Optical fibers are made of glass (silica/sand) or plastic, available in plenty, so the cost of optical fibers is very low.

*Repeaters and other electronics is required in less amount

*Low cost of transportation, handling, storage and installation etc.

*LASER and photodiode, fiber connectors and couplers are expensive (Disadvantage)

8.Optical Fiber Communication System is very reliable

*Repeaters, amplifiers and other electronics is required in less amount, which makes it more reliable.

*Optical fibers can easily serve for 20-30 years

*High reliability reduces the maintenance and maintenance cost.

🌓READ THIS ALSO:-
#OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION BASICS [VIDEOS]

9.Optical Fibers are Not Attractive for Theft

*As we know, that optical fibers are made of glass or plastic. since these materials are very cheap, therefore there is no risk of any theft.

Read More

Go To HOME Page
   
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION (WAVEFORMS AND EQUATIONS DERIVATION)

AMPLITUDE MODULATION (TIME DOMAIN EQUATIONS AND WAVEFORMS)

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

STEP INDEX OPTICAL FIBER (MULTIMODE AND SINGLE MODE STEP INDEX FIBERS)

PULSE MODULATION TECHNIQUES (PAM, PWM, PPM, PCM)

OPTICAL FIBER: STRUCTURE AND WORKING PRINCIPLE

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

COMPARISON OF PAM, PWM, PPM MODULATION TECHNIQUES

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

CONTINUOUS TIME AND DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS (C.T. AND D.T. SIGNALS)

NEED AND BENEFITS OF MODULATION

PULSE POSITION MODULATION (PPM)

OPTICAL FIBERS IN COMMUNICATION: COVERS ALL IMPORTANT POINTS

OPTICAL FIBER SOURCES (DESIRABLE PROPERTIES)

AMPLITUDE MODULATION Vs FREQUENCY MODULATION (ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES)

PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM) [ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES]

SAMPLING THEOREM AND RECONSTRUCTION (SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION)

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM (BASICS, SOLVED PROBLEMS, APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS)

Digital Modulation Techniques (ASK, FSK, PSK, BPSK)/ Amplitude, Frequency and Phase Shift Keying

Conventional AM Vs DSB-SC Vs SSB-SC Vs VSB (Comparison of AM Systems)

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)/ QAM Transmitter and QAM Receiver Block Diagram

Single-Mode Optical Fiber Advantages

What are Microwaves and their Applications (Uses) in various fields

Microwaves Properties and Advantages (Benefits)

Basic Structure of Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) - BJT Transistor - Working and Properties

Polar Plots of Transfer Functions in Control Systems (How to Draw Nyquist Plot Examples)

Generation of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK Generation) - Block Diagram of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

Low Level and High Level Modulation Block Diagram (AM Transmitter Block Diagram)

Block Diagram of CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope), Components of CRO and CRT with Structure and Working

Slope Overload Distortion and Granular (Idle Noise), Quantization Noise in Delta Modulation

Frequency Translation/Frequency Mixing/Frequency Conversion/Heterodyning (Basic Concepts and Need)

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Modulation (QPSK) Basics, Waveform and Benefits

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Vs Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)

Digital Modulation Techniques (Coherent and NonCoherent Digital Modulation Techniques)