Mercury Planet - Mercury Planet Facts - Size, Temperature, Distance, Diameter, Days of Mercury

Here you will learn various amazing facts about Mercury planet that will blow your mind. Mercury is the smallest, fastest and closest planet to the sun. Because of its closeness to sun its surface temperature can reach up to 450 degrees Celsius during day time.
As the mass of mercury is much smaller than the mass of earth, your weight on Mercury would be only 38% of your weight on Earth.
You will be surprised to know that 1 year on mercury is only of 88 Earth days, as it takes 88 days to complete one revolution around the sun, but a day On the surface of Mercury is equivalent  to 176 earth days, as it spins slower on its axis in comparison to earth.
Mercury revolves around the sun at very high speed of 180,000 km/h. This makes Mercury the fastest planet in the Solar system.

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Let me tell you that mercury has almost no atmosphere. But why it is so? The reason behind this is, being small in size, its gravity is too weak to hold down a normal atmosphere. Because of the absence of atmosphere it is not capable of trapping heat from the Sun so the temperature of Mercury can fall to minus 170 degrees Celsius.
In the entire solar system temperature swing of mercury is the highest. The temperature of Mercury can swing more than 600 degrees Celsius in a single day.
As the Mercury Has no atmosphere, asteroids approaching the planet feel no air resistance and fall with great speeds on its surface. This is responsible for the formation of
Big craters on the surface of mercury.
In the year 1991 it was revealed by the radar observations that the south and the north poles of the planet may have ice, deep inside the craters. The Reason Behind this is, these Deep craters always remain in Shadow therefore are very cold.
One such Crater named as "Caloris basin" has been found on this planet. This crater is nearly 1550 km wide. It is So big, that it can accommodate the entire Texas state. It was created by an asteroid impact nearly 4 billion years ago. The asteroid Was around hundred km wide. Collision Of the asteroid with the Mercury surface generated immense amount of energy. This energy was equivalent to the energy generated by 1 trillion bombs of 1 megaton each.
The planet Mercury was named after the roman God Mercury, the Messenger of the Gods.
The diameter of mercury is 4879 km and its mass is only 5.5% of the mass of the earth.
The size of mercury is only about one third the size of the earth. You should also know that the planet Mercury has no moons.
Mariner 10 was the first spacecraft that visited Mercury. It Found that Mercury had its own magnetic field. Mercury is the second most densest planet in our solar system having metallic Core. The densest planet in our solar system is our own home planet earth.
So this was all about the weird but amazing planet Mercury. I hope you enjoyed this informative video. In the next video I will tell you many unbelievable facts about the beautiful planet Venus.

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The Universe is Expanding Faster than We Thought- Expansion of the Universe- Cepheid Variables

Our universe has been expanding since the beginning of time, almost 14 billion years ago following the big bang. But recent Hubble Space Telescope findings suggest that the universe is expanding much faster than previously thought.
So, is the end of time nearer than expected?
Actually Gravity is responsible for binding everything together in the universe. In a place having lots of matter, the attractive forces of gravity are much greater in comparison to the repulsive forces of dark energy. But in Mostly Matter free space, the repulsive forces because of the dark energy are more significant than the attractive forces of gravity.
So because of this mysterious dark energy, the rate at which our universe is expanding has been increasing.
The latest data obtained from the Hubble Space Telescope suggests that the expansion rate of the universe is 9% faster than expected.
A team from SH0ES (supernovae, H0, for the equation of state)- at Johns Hopkins University has obtained this important data after performing some measurements.
For this they analysed light from 70 stars in a nearby Galaxy known as the large Magellanic cloud. On the basis of their observations they calculated how fast these stars are moving away from us.
A group of stars known as Cepheids was particularly analysed by the team. Cepheids brighten and dim at regular intervals.

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The team used a technique of measurement known as DASH. DASH is an acronym for Drift and Shift. With the help of this technique of measurement they could focus on more than one star at once. On contrary to this, images obtained from the Hubble Space Telescope are result of one star observed every 90 minutes. This makes the process more time consuming in comparison to the DASH technique.
Scientists compared the results obtained from the standard Hubble measurements and the DASH measurement.
After Comparison, some discrepancy was found in terms of, how bright the Cepheids actually were. Actually the brightness of a star depends on its closeness. Closer the star, more brighter it appears.
On the basis of these results scientists concluded that our universe is expanding at a faster rate than expected, as the stars were slightly farther than they thought.
Adam Riess, Bloomberg professor of Physics and astronomy at the Johns Hopkins University, Nobel Laureate and the project's leader, said: "This is Not just two experiments disagreeing.
"We are measuring something fundamentally different. One is a measurement of how fast the universe is expanding today, as we see it.
“The other is a prediction based on the Physics of the early universe and on measurements of how fast it ought to be expanding.
"If these values don't agree, there becomes a very strong likelihood that we are missing something in the cosmological model that connects the two eras." So does
It mean that the end of the universe is nearer?
The universe will continue to expand until matter and energy are evenly spread throughout. It will cause the temperature of the universe to cool down to absolute zero.
Researchers think, when the repulsive forces of dark energy will overtake the attractive forces of the gravity, the rate of expansion of the universe will increase to very high level, untill it's pace reaches the speed of light.
Although the universe is expanding at much faster rate and the end of the universe is nearer than previously thought but you need not to worry, as it would still take trillions of years to happen.
So friends what do you think? What will be the Ultimate fate of our universe? Will eventually, the expansion rate of the universe, reach to the speed of light. How long will it take the universe to end? You can share your valuable ideas in the comment section of this video.

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Universe Origin Theories, Beginning, Evolution and Future of the Universe (BIG BANG Theory, Steady State Theory and Pulsating Theory)

Scientists Found Proof of GOD in DNA Code | Human Genome Message Shows Evidence of Existence of God

11 Dimensions Explained (Eleven Dimensions) | What are Dimensions & How Many Dimensions are there

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BREAKTHROUGH Experiment on Parallel Universe- Portal to Parallel Universe- Leah Broussard Parallel Universe- Mirrorverse (Multiverse)

Scientists in the United States are building an equipment that will allow them to solve the mystery of parallel universe. This experiment is being conducted by the researchers from Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Eastern Tennessee. There is no doubt that this would be the biggest scientific discovery in the human history, if this experiment becomes successful.
They have developed a portal like instrument that will help them Prove, that the parallel universe is a reality.
With the help of this experiment scientists are hoping to access a mirror world. They call it the 'Mirrorverse'.
In this mirror world, virtually everything is mirrored, right down to subatomic particles. Physicist Leah Broussard, is leading this experiment.

Watch the Complete Video Here- 

They are building a 50 feet long tunnel to conduct the experiment. A beam of subatomic particles will be fired down this tunnel. The Beam will pass a powerful magnet and hit an impenetrable wall. A Neutron detector will be placed behind this impenetrable wall.
If this experiment is successful, particles will transform into their mirror images, allowing them to pass right through the impenetrable wall.
As the wall is impenetrable, particles should not be detected by the neutron detector on the other side of the wall.
But If the the neutron detector finds traces of the particles, this could mean that the neutrons oscillated through the wall, in doing so, the neutrons entered a parallel universe to become mirror neutrons. Only the ones that can oscillate and then come back into our universe can be detected.
If this experiment could prove the existence of parallel universe, it will change the laws of conventional science, as the parallel universe might follow completely different laws of Physics.
So let's hope for the success of this groundbreaking experiment.

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Universe Origin Theories, Beginning, Evolution and Future of the Universe (BIG BANG Theory, Steady State Theory and Pulsating Theory)

Scientists Found Proof of GOD in DNA Code | Human Genome Message Shows Evidence of Existence of God

11 Dimensions Explained (Eleven Dimensions) | What are Dimensions & How Many Dimensions are there

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What Happened to Chandrayaan 2 Mission by ISRO | Chandrayaan 2 Mission and Lander Vikram

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RADAR Block Diagram and Working (Bistatic Radar and Monostatic Radar) - Types of RADAR

What is a RADAR?

RADAR stands for "Radio Detection and Ranging" as it uses radio waves (electromagnetic waves) to detect and find the range of an object (target).
The transmitting antenna of the radar transmits radio waves towards the object and analyzes the reflected waves from the target object. After analyzing the reflected waves (echo signal) it can calculate target's distance (range), angle and velocity (if it is moving).
Radars can be classified into two broad categories, based on the number of Antennas used-
Bistatic Radar and Monostatic Radar

Watch the Complete RADAR Video Here

Bistatic RADAR (Block Diagram)

Here you can see the block diagram of Bistatic radar.

Bistatic RADAR Block Diagram

You can observe in this diagram that, the bistatic  radar contains a radar display, a transmitter and a receiver. Transmitting antenna is attached to the transmitter and receiving antenna is attached to the receiver of the radar. 
The job of the transmitting antenna is to transmit radio waves (electromagnetic waves) towards the target that we want to detect. The target object intercepts some part of the transmitted signal and reflects it back towards the receiving antenna. This receiving signal is known as the echo signal. 
Now the Radar receiver analyses these received signals. The radar display shows the information in the raw form, that needs to be analysed by an skilled person. 
The receiver of the radar must be very sensitive to receive weak signals, as the signals get very weak because of the attenuation of the radio waves in the forward and reverse path.
Also the radar transmitter should have high directivity and gain. Directivity of antenna is it's ability to transmit radiations in a particular direction. It should also have high gain since it has to counter losses in the forward and reverse path (before and after reflection from the target).
Now we will understand why it is known as bistatic radar and how it is different from the monostatic radar.
Actually the bistatic radar uses two antennas for transmission and reception purpose separately, that's why it is known as bistatic radar. 

Monostatic RADAR (Block Diagram)

Monostatic radar is the most commonly used form of the radar. Here you can see the block diagram of monostatic Radar-

Monostatic RADAR Block Diagram

As you can see in this block diagram that monostatic radar uses only one antenna for transmission and reception purpose, that's why it is known as monostatic radar (Mono means single and bi means double).
In this block diagram of monostatic radar you can see that it has an indicator, a transmitter and receiver, a duplexer and a single antenna. Observer that here we have not used two separate antennas as the transmitting antenna and receiving antenna. Only one antenna can function as the transmitting and receiving antenna.
Actually the basic working principle of both types of radars (Bistatic and monostatic) is same with some differences.
The radar transmitter transmits electromagnetic waves (radio waves). At the time of transmission the antenna of the monostatic radar works as the transmitting antenna and when these signals are reflected back (echo signal) from the target, the same antenna works as the receiving antenna. This received signal is analysed by the receiver circuitry and the data is shown on the indicator of the radar. 
Now we will understand the role of the duplexer in the monostatic radar-

Functions of the Radar Duplexer

• The Radar duplexer makes it possible to use single antenna for transmission and reception purpose.

• The duplexer helps in protecting the sensitive receiver from the high power transmitter.

• The radar duplexer keeps the transmitter and receiver separate (isolated) at the time of transmission and reception.

Desirable Qualities of RADAR System (General Requirements of RADAR)

A RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) system should have the following qualities (General Requirements of RADAR)

• The transmitted pulse by the radar transmitter should be powerful enough to counter the attenuation (losses) during forward or return Journeys.

• The radar transmitter should remain silent during the echo period.

• The receiver should be extremely sensitive and also immune to noise signals since signals are very weak.

• Directivity of the antenna of the radar should be high. Directivity of antenna is a basic parameter, that is the measure of degree to which the radiation emitted by the antenna is the focused in a particular direction.

• The gain of antenna should also be high as it is required to transmit strong signals.

RADAR Basics, Working Principle, Advantages (Benefits), Limitations and Applications (Radio Detection and Ranging)

Basics of RADAR 

• RADAR Full Form- RADAR is the acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging
• RADAR was used for the first time in 1942 (during World War II) by US Navy

Principle of working of RADAR

• Radar sends electromagnetic waves to distant objects and analyses the reflected wave (echo signal) to gather information about that object.
• Radar is able to detect static or moving targets.
• With the help of Radar we can easily find the range, angle and velocity of the target.

Advantages of RADAR

• Radar provides superior penetration capability through any type of weather condition like rain, fog and snow.
• Radar can be used in day or night.
• It can detect static or moving targets.
• Radar can calculate the range and angle of the target accurately.
• There is no need of any medium for the radar to function, as it uses electromagnetic waves (radio waves) unlike SONAR (Sound Navigation Ranging) that uses water as the medium.
• As radio waves (electromagnetic waves) are used by the radar, it can be used in space or air.
• Functioning of Radar is very fast in comparison to Sonar. since Radar uses electromagnetic waves that travel at the speed of light, while the Sonar uses sound waves; and we know that speed of sound is nothing in comparison to speed of light.
• Radar does not need target Corporation to emit any signals or emission.
• Radar can be used for quite long Ranges.
• Radar signals can target several objects at the same time.

Limitations of RADAR

• Radars cannot identify the color of the target.
• Radars cannot resolve in the details like human - eye, mainly at short distances.
• Radar is not able to penetrate the sea (deep sea) to collect data about the target.
• Radio signals can be interrupted by other signals as they travel through air and space.
• Radar cannot be used beyond the ionosphere as these signals are deflected back to the earth.
• Analysis of data that is obtained from the radar needs specialized training.
• The data obtained from the radar is not complete as the reflected signals cannot report the complete details of the object (target).

Applications of RADAR

Applications of Radar can be broadly classified into two categories-

• Civilian applications of Radar
• Military applications of Radar

Civilian applications of Radar

• Airborne Radar for satellite surveillance
• Police Radar for directing and detecting speeding vehicles.
• Radar blind Lander, that helps aircraft to land under bad weather conditions or at night
• Radar altimeter to calculate height of planes
• Radar can also be used for help in navigation on ground or sea even under poor visibility or night time it is not affected
• Radars can be used to find the speed of moving targets like automobiles, guided missiles and shells etc.

Military applications of Radar

• Radars are used in military to direct guided missiles
• They are also used for searching submarines and land masses.
• Radars can be used to detect and warn for approaching enemy ships or aircrafts.
• For detecting and ranging enemy targets even at night.
• To drop bombs on aircrafts, ships or cities at night or under poor visibility conditions.

What is Resistance and Resistor- Types of Resistors, Working Principle of Resistors and Ohm's Law

What is a Resistor 

A Resistor is a passive electronic component having two terminals, that limits the flow of electrons through a circuit. Passive components are the components that can only consume power (they cannot generate power).

Uses of Resistors

The main use of resistors is to reduce the flow of current in a circuit, but it is not limited to this only. Resistors find applications in various fields like-
*Resistors can be used to divide voltages (as voltage divider)
*To adjust signal levels
*Terminating transmission lines
*To bias active elements
*Timing and frequency applications
*In heating applications etc.

Types of Resistors

Resistors can broadly be categorized into two types-
*Fixed Resistors
*Variable Resistors

Fixed resistors

As clear by its name, fixed resistors cannot change it's value. 
The fixed resistors can again be classified into following three types-
*Carbon composition resistors
*Metalized resistors
*Wire wound resistors

Variable resistors

The resistance of variable resistors can be changed continually or can be set to a certain value as per the requirement.
On the basis of this the variable resistors can again be of two types- 
*The variable resistors that can change its value continually like that used in volume control applications and 
*The variable resistors that can be set to a fixed value as desired like in case of potentiometers (adjustable resistor).

Working Principle of resistor

Ohm's Law

For an ideal resistor the Ohm's law is given as -
According to Ohm's law the voltage (V) across a resistor is directly proportional to the current (I) flowing through it. Here the constant of proportionality is the resistance (R).
This relationship between voltage and current is given as-
V=IR

Unit of Resistance (R) and Conductance (G)

Unit of electrical resistance is Ohm (Ω) . Ohm is the SI unit of resistance. Other unit of resistance can be obtained from the Ohm's law.
By Ohm's law-
R=V/I
Therefore the unit of resistance is- Volt per Ampere or V/A.
Conductance (G) is opposite to the resistance. Conductance can be defined as the ease with which the current flows through a substance. Formerly the unit of conductance was mho (℧)(opposite of Ohm, the unit of resistance). The standard unit of conductance is siemens (S).

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